Optical Metrology Third Edition S:
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Kjell J. G˚asvik ]4_)WUS.c
Spectra Vision AS, Trondheim, Norway ^S(["6OJ(
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Preface to the Third Edition xi j4D`Xq2 X
1Basics 1 g3'yqIjQL
1.1 Introduction 1 w4uY/!~k
1.2 Wave Motion. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1 _cc9+o
1.3 The Plane Wave. Light Rays 3 g.Kyfs4`
1.4 Phase Difference 4 LgSVEQb6\|
1.5 Complex Notation. Complex Amplitude 5 C #@5 :$
1.6 Oblique Incidence of A Plane Wave 5 4':U rJ+
1.7 The Spherical Wave 7 1 u~.^O}J
1.8 The Intensity 8 Y]}>he1/5
1.9 Geometrical Optics 8 _7-P8"m
1.10 The Simple Convex (Positive) Lens 10 W^9=z~-h
1.11 A Plane-Wave Set-Up 11 Z#_VxA>]v
2 Gaussian Optics 15 G9c2kX.Bf
2.1 Introduction 15 yuB\Z/
2.2 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 15 YksJ$yH^
2.2.1 Examples 19 0yKPYA *j
2.3 The General Image-Forming System 19 E K^["_*A
2.4 The Image-Formation Process 21 9D& 22hL4
2.5 Reflection at a Spherical Surface 23 c6F8z75U
2.6 Aspheric Lenses 25 LsV?b*^(p
2.7 Stops and Apertures 26 6:Zd,N=
2.8 Lens Aberrations. Computer Lens Design 28 0p \,}t\E
2.9 Imaging and The Lens Formula 29 :P\RiaZAT
2.10 Standard Optical Systems 30 P/~kX _
2.10.1 Afocal Systems. The Telescope 30 l`<u\],
2.10.2 The Simple Magnifier 32 rW zO> v
2.10.3 The Microscope 34 :e TzjW=
3 Interference 37 vM /D7YS:
3.1 Introduction 37 R)5zHCwOw
3.2 General Description 37 ~_yz\;#
3.3 Coherence 38 .:+&2#b
3.4 Interference between two Plane Waves 41 Iqm QQ_KH
3.4.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) 45 GH6 ozWA
3.5 Interference between other Waves 46 C'//(gjQ-G
3.6 Interferometry 49 ! ^U!T\qDi
3.6.1 Wavefront Division 50 bp(X\:zAy
3.6.2 Amplitude Division 51 5Og=`T
3.6.3 The Dual-Frequency Michelson Interferometer 54 gK"E4{ y_@
3.6.4 Heterodyne (Homodyne) Detection 55 0 8 aZU
3.7 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 56 ' +[fJ> Le
3.8 Optical Coherence Tomography 61 NYN(2J
4 Diffraction 67 d"4J)+q
4.1 Introduction 67 j.y8H
4.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit 67 79Si ^n1\
4.3 Diffraction from a Grating 70 &o*f*(C2
4.3.1 The Grating Equation. Amplitude Transmittance 70 }c0EGoU}?
4.3.2 The Spatial Frequency Spectrum 73 .R>4'#8q
4.4 Fourier Optics 75 SAw. 6<Wy-
4.5 Optical Filtering 76 x 3?:"D2
4.5.1 Practical Filtering Set-Ups 78 D^JuL6U
4.6 Physical Optics Description .6nNqGua1
of Image Formation 81 FrBJv <
4.6.1 The Coherent Transfer Function 83 =WP`i29j9}
4.6.2 The Incoherent Transfer Function 85 +oMe\wYR$r
4.6.3 The Depth of Focus 88 =M+e nSu
4.7 The Phase-Modulated Sinusoidal Grating 89 ^ s@'nKc
5 Light Sources and Detectors 99 } h0
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5.1 Introduction 99 ~Uw<E:?v
5.2 Radiometry. Photometry 99 $j!VJGVG
5.2.1 Lambertian Surface 102 H- aSLc
5.2.2 Blackbody Radiator 103 X$4 5<oz
5.2.3 Examples 105 an9k2 F.)
5.3 Incoherent Light Sources 108 ^l"
5.4 Coherent Light Sources 109 \%D/ ]"@r
5.4.1 Stimulated Emission 109 $x %VUms
5.4.2 Gas Lasers 112 -P>f2It
5.4.3 Liquid Lasers 114 LlfD>cN
5.4.4 Semiconductor Diode Lasers. Light Emitting Diodes 114 r % ]^ (
5.4.5 Solid-State Lasers 117 2K1odqO#
5.4.6 Other Lasers 119 3d@$iAw1<
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