Optical Metrology Third Edition 6~F#F)C' x` +
l# Kjell J. G˚asvik
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F~ Spectra Vision AS, Trondheim, Norway
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W `u$7k]$ AX !>l; Preface to the Third Edition xi
kV\-%:- 1Basics 1
G?-`>N-u 1.1 Introduction 1
df>kEvU5.^ 1.2 Wave Motion. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1
;4kx >x*H 1.3 The Plane Wave. Light Rays 3
PG6 L]o^ 1.4 Phase Difference 4
jemx ky 1.5 Complex Notation. Complex Amplitude 5
] `B,L*m6 1.6 Oblique Incidence of A Plane Wave 5
Q&upxE4-~ 1.7 The Spherical Wave 7
VXkAFgO 1.8 The Intensity 8
O+o ;aa6 1.9 Geometrical Optics 8
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X^LMD 1.10 The Simple Convex (Positive) Lens 10
+#*&XX5A#? 1.11 A Plane-Wave Set-Up 11
9eGCBVW:* 2 Gaussian Optics 15
h7EUIlh" 2.1 Introduction 15
p fL2v,]g 2.2 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 15
wrQydI 2.2.1 Examples 19
m X@j 2.3 The General Image-Forming System 19
oE!hF }O 2.4 The Image-Formation Process 21
]HyHz9QkL 2.5 Reflection at a Spherical Surface 23
@TA8^ND 2.6 Aspheric Lenses 25
BZJKiiD 2.7 Stops and Apertures 26
#u 8*CA9 2.8 Lens Aberrations. Computer Lens Design 28
,Um 5S 6 Z 2.9 Imaging and The Lens Formula 29
>HcYVp~G 2.10 Standard Optical Systems 30
BH&/2tO% 2.10.1 Afocal Systems. The Telescope 30
7 MO 2.10.2 The Simple Magnifier 32
JlC<MQ? 2.10.3 The Microscope 34
'!wPnYT@D 3 Interference 37
%Lp2jyv . 3.1 Introduction 37
DYo <5^0 3.2 General Description 37
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px w{ 3.4 Interference between two Plane Waves 41
oUQGLl!V 3.4.1 Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) 45
b&=]S( 3.5 Interference between other Waves 46
#D`S 3.6 Interferometry 49
pXPqDA 3.6.1 Wavefront Division 50
7szls71/= 3.6.2 Amplitude Division 51
09 3.6.3 The Dual-Frequency Michelson Interferometer 54
=MT j4VXh" 3.6.4 Heterodyne (Homodyne) Detection 55
.L ojzx 3.7 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 56
yy1>r }L 3.8 Optical Coherence Tomography 61
M8 iEVJ 4 Diffraction 67
a3O nW\N 4.1 Introduction 67
jOBY&W0r 4.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit 67
s.^c..e75C 4.3 Diffraction from a Grating 70
Lzh 9DYU6 4.3.1 The Grating Equation. Amplitude Transmittance 70
uQ :Qb| 4.3.2 The Spatial Frequency Spectrum 73
qs!>tw 4.4 Fourier Optics 75
OlEpid'Z 4.5 Optical Filtering 76
<TI3@9\qXE 4.5.1 Practical Filtering Set-Ups 78
Az
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4@DVc7\x$ of Image Formation 81
*-9# /Cp 4.6.1 The Coherent Transfer Function 83
IIq"e~"Vs 4.6.2 The Incoherent Transfer Function 85
pNp^q/- yB 4.6.3 The Depth of Focus 88
13ipaz 4.7 The Phase-Modulated Sinusoidal Grating 89
xik` W!1S 5 Light Sources and Detectors 99
t-!Rgg$9 5.1 Introduction 99
i[^k.W3gf 5.2 Radiometry. Photometry 99
UskZ%J 5.2.1 Lambertian Surface 102
Ab*] dn`z 5.2.2 Blackbody Radiator 103
T|;^.TZ 5.2.3 Examples 105
shM{Y9~O9& 5.3 Incoherent Light Sources 108
UUl*f!&
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]KsGkAG 5.4.1 Stimulated Emission 109
1 h<f Jzh 5.4.2 Gas Lasers 112
(-bRj# 5.4.3 Liquid Lasers 114
Jf_]Z 5.4.4 Semiconductor Diode Lasers. Light Emitting Diodes 114
q z=yMIy= 5.4.5 Solid-State Lasers 117
XK1fHfCEa 5.4.6 Other Lasers 119
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