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简介 W<bGDh m,VOx7%n 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 qyZ"
%Kz MX$0Op 模型 ZT'`hK_up }u\])I3 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 )Q=_0;#;k 0]'7_vDs| Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 /$i.0$L
在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. d?ex,f. 7r7YNn/? 光源 aT{_0m$G10 PY_u/<u 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 |LRedD7n uW=k K0E *T-<|zQ 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 tClg*A;|B 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 gT3_RUF Vy6qbC-Kt 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 .7Dtm<K# 69PE9zz 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 dz:E? AS!?q 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 &b.=M>\9Q 视网膜的散射 v:f}XK< -C;^3R[
O 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 ?8I?'\F; o\[~.";Z r(6Y*< 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 "~#3&3HVS 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 SOs:]U-T3 :nh_k4S@v :yL] ;J 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 \MsTB|Z 脚本 +Jlay1U& US+Q~GTA 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: aEFJ;n7m X@'uy<tI- 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 Ye\rB\- 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 ~,d,#)VE2q 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 c-x,fS"&W 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 bbtGXfI+SB g$":D 分析 J; 3{3 z#8~iF1 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 ")_|69 VX &D>G8 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 cW~}:;D4 脚本代码 0QBiC]9 niiA7Ux Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. szb_*)k S(o#K|)> Dim entity As T_ENTITY % "kPvI3Y Dim op As T_OPERATION aKV$pC<[o Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL Bz_^~b7 Dim A As Double _A M*@|p, Dim pupilDiam As Double Qn^' Dim eID As Long &X`C%h Dim parID As Long $CxKuB( Dim count As Integer teOe#* Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double <m!h&_eg Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double -<c=US Dim curv As Double, conic As Double j>*S5y.{ Dim ok As Long 4qN{n#{+] K#l:wH_ Sub Main _U$<xVnP 5uGqX" '用户输入对话框 kJWn<5%ayg Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 x[4`fM.m* TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 IW)()*8;/ Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 +y,T4^{ OKButton 40,91,90,21 E_gD:PPU5 CancelButton 190,91,90,21 LZ\q37UV Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 )r';lGh2# TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 VGLaN%| End Dialog <z+t,<3D Dim dlg As UserDialog Okgv!Nt8)A Y}@&h! ok = Dialog (dlg) R7]l{2V#^ zqd@EF6/bz If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed +QB"8- Print "Execution cancelled." +~St !QV% End F^l[GdUosK End If A_n7w r~[Ia!U ? 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty HPpR. If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then uvgdY A = 0 'Default accommodation ~)*,S^k(C. Else Pl(Q,e7O] A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) @<<<C?CTv End If ^m
L@e'r ;1#H62Z* If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then MU>k,:[ pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter y@]_+2Vo Else du+y5dw pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) r)qnl9?;`] End If J2d.f}- =6xrfDbN8 Print " " #XK2Ien)Z Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" c~6>1w7SZ4 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" D@C-5rmq $r@
=*( ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation >AC]#' taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness BW-`t-,E; "BD~xP( Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens UsgK CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens })uGRvz |b[+I?X Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens ]d55m /( CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens QS0:@.}$E) +nUy,S?43 tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness 8 m5p_\& Q)"C&)`l nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction 4B=2>k WegtyO 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation n-5W*zk1 =b38(\ '************************************************************************* aHlcfh9| 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) >oea{u '************************************************************************* Gn&-X]Rrl eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) Z.d7U~_ GetCustomElement eID, entity )iq-yjO6 pqUCqo!m\ parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) R=.4 ?MXejEC ' Delete any shift(s) in z `L:CA5sBud count = 0 "mX\&%i6\p While GetOperationCount(eID)>count *Kyw^DI GetOperation eID, count, op Rfn9s(m If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 6W@UJx}w5 DeleteOperation eID,count & +4gSr count=count-1 ;_8#f%Y#R End If P-`M count=count+1 ~i@Y|38C Wend ANvR i+ _ y'FS/=u>0 'Set new shift in 1<+2kBuY op.Type = "ShiftZ" A"`foI$0 op.val1 = taq pp.6Ex
(R op.parent = parID m1n.g4Z&* AddOperation eID, op +${D Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 6Z#\CixG lJ+0P2@h* '************************************************************************* 9V,!R{kO! 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens ~CVe yk< ( '************************************************************************* yvgrIdEP eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) :
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GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic >a"Z\\dF 6UevpDB SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant :}r. Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant SaC d0. h ex+\nD>t4 '************************************************************************* Bt1p'g(V| 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens #BJG9DFP4` '************************************************************************* wtmB+:I eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) KQ`qpX^d GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic \(VTt|}By$ 0OT\"O~S[ SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost p(PMZVV` Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost 76wc ,+ iS&l8@2a '************************************************************************* d cLA1sN, 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 0E?jW7yr '************************************************************************* ?I/qE='* |X,|QC*7? parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ZeUvyIG $BkubWM ' Delete any z-shift(s) uA,>a>xYI count = 0 cZH-" While GetOperationCount(eID)>count zS\E/.X2 GetOperation eID, count, op I#m-g-J If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then LVc4CE
f DeleteOperation eID,count a^Tmu count=count-1 )'/|) End If Rp*R:3
C count=count+1 YFE&r Wend zrR`ecC(b ?q(\=;Y 'Set new z-shift smdZxFl op.Type = "ShiftZ" %7#-%{ op.val1 = tlens c~{9a_G op.parent = parID .Q@S #d AddOperation eID, op {88gW\GL Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens YoN*:jB<M v^)bhIPe; '************************************************************************* (
{1e% 'Lens index of refraction 4J;-Dq '************************************************************************* P&j(,7 eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) nL$x|}XAcj GetModelMaterial eID, mat 3uZJ.Fb YY&l?*M< mat.Nd = nlens i<H wTmm$ SetModelMaterial eID, mat |+35y_i6 Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens lIUuA GwG4LIp '************************************************************************* 28/ ADZ 'Pupil diameter [,K.*ZQi '************************************************************************* /n5F(5< eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) %VzKqh #6AFdNy 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) HDda@Jy fwrJ!j SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" masT>vM /;7y{(o ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens ({-GOw46 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) !).}u,*'no eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) Rl qQ count = 0 -b9;5eS! While GetOperationCount(eID)>count UPc<gB GetOperation eID, count, op M
t*6}Cl If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then :N<.?%Kf DeleteOperation eID,count c&X{dJWD count=count-1 DHw&+MY End If z-@=+4~ count=count+1 ~go
fQ Wend 6*qL[m.F[o op.Type = "ShiftZ" =/u%c! op.val1 = taq-0.01 ]c<qM_HWg op.parent = parID 21ppSN> AddOperation eID, op uGwJK`!~ ,bM-I2BR Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam 'zEI;v bn(`O1r[( 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description #Hvq/7a2R eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 1=|7mehL% GetEntity eID, entity l"q1?kaVg entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" j,t#B"hOnp SetEntity eID, entity UWZa|I~:J <W`#gn0b6 Update &X|<@'933 Print "DONE!" J0
k 7R3fqU.Rq End Sub nLwiCfe ui"3ak+F 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: G/d4f?RU ( 7ws{) Accommodation = 4 Diopters 8 F2| Pupil Diameter = 4 mm 2>]a) Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 c(U Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 ~XydQJ^* Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 c{>uqPTY Set lens thickness = 3.927 SR^_cpZoi Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 4D$;KokZ Set pupil diameter = 4 )-Ej5'iHr DONE! aYn8^
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