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简介 l\l]9Z6% ^V;lZtZ 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 U3iyuE ^xu)~:} i 模型 nhaoh!8A6 $TW+LWb 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 -tdON yA )+- Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 xg%]\# 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. TKutO0 !urd
$Ta 光源 F$.s6Hh. Ku\#Wj|YrP 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 `Q_ R/9~ |N3CoB lkJ#$Ik& 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 .&!{8jBX 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 c!FjHlAnP -(,6w? 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 H
{Wpf9_
K 42[:s: 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光
l e/#J V<I${i$]0 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 &7nfTc 视网膜的散射 F[giq1# (ZR"O8 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 rnr8t] ?'_7#0R_0 *LQY6=H 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 iSW73P;) 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 J0z0%p u\;dUnr PSw+E'; 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 31\^9w__8 脚本 7I3CPc$ ?{Z0g+B1 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: 5"]2@@b4 e-av@a3 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 L#N.pd
图7. 用户对话框编辑器 bo/!u
s# 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 I,uu>- 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 6M|%nBN$| kO>{<$ 分析 dNt|"9~& -KiS6$- 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 6KTY`'I 6)YNjh.{* 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 />7/S^ 脚本代码 {j@)sDMX VO6y9X" Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. \gXx{rLW ~n
9DG>a Dim entity As T_ENTITY AWNd(B2o Dim op As T_OPERATION U.0/r!po Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL LP_F"?4 Dim A As Double o/
5Fg>d Dim pupilDiam As Double zSXC Dim eID As Long [63;8l} Dim parID As Long za/#R_%p Dim count As Integer Mdh"G @$n Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double tAi9mm;k Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double {G&g+9c& Dim curv As Double, conic As Double zPc;[uHT Dim ok As Long 7y7y<`)I5 Z.(x|Q9 Sub Main _x{x#d;L3 jG :R\D}0 '用户输入对话框 m~B=C>r}t Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 ![tI(TPq TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 L,/i%-J3c Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 %%[TM(z OKButton 40,91,90,21 o>tT!8rH CancelButton 190,91,90,21 ::` wx@ Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 mjHY-lK TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 2ow\d b End Dialog +60;z4y}w Dim dlg As UserDialog NR@Tj]`k [40 YoVlfM ok = Dialog (dlg) 0wcWDE
9 E9hWn0 e If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed r&DK> H Print "Execution cancelled." w}b+vh^3Wy End o7seGw<$X End If uy{KV"%"^g ^*Fkt(ida 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty }6N|+z.cU If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then mio'm A = 0 'Default accommodation [\yI<^_a Else N';lc:Ah~ A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) U s5JnP 5 End If MzG.Qh'z LsV"h< If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then Oa
.%n9ec pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter +pm8;& Else w>s pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) }D O# {@af End If s qKkTG3 '*;rm*n Print " " k5YDqGn'q Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" ?_r"Fg;" Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" 'c D"ZVm1 1<"kN^ ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation /<Et taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness cD6o8v4]] 0a'y\f:6* Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens urB.K<5ZA CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens {xX|5/z )J0VB't Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens G#Ow>NJ CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens /'(P{O>{j HApP*1J^c tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness C*!_. <b n6}1{\ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction E
\RU[ %XeU4yg\e 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation d\f5\Y D 4wB
&~U '************************************************************************* 4
#N#[;M 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) .8m)^ET '************************************************************************* "$&F]0 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) TBco GetCustomElement eID, entity S}E@*t2h V1G]LM parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) hbK+\X THJ+OnP ' Delete any shift(s) in z 2i)y'+s count = 0 ;V
GrZZ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count 1jyWP#M# GetOperation eID, count, op S;g~xo If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then fomkwN DeleteOperation eID,count 9maw+ c!~ count=count-1 DiX4wmQ End If '9)@ U+yfQ count=count+1 [xC
(t]S- Wend oKac~}_KL |]Xw1.S.L 'Set new shift in lV?SvXe op.Type = "ShiftZ" P<hqr; op.val1 = taq C*9m `xh op.parent = parID [Dhc9 AddOperation eID, op TwN8|ibVmP Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 rW^&8E[ m8?(.BJ% '************************************************************************* b}
*cw2 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens 0[];c$r< '************************************************************************* g`j%jQuY eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) J}x5Ko@ GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic ZDf9Npe !ZVMx*1Cf SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant O6pjuhMx Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant JnZxP> 2B YpL}R# '************************************************************************* #FcYJH 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens `y\:3bQ4
'************************************************************************* u{ng\d*KE} eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) (<CLftQKg GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic TuU.yvkU
_#_Ab8# SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost SnqLF
/d Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost ft7wMi Di6:r3sEO '************************************************************************* o8,K1ic5# 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 5~kf:U%~ '************************************************************************* g#AA.@/Z _,}Ye,(^= parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) n RGH58 |'.SOm9)* ' Delete any z-shift(s) s)V^_@Z9 count = 0 S8y4 p0mV While GetOperationCount(eID)>count v=4TU\b% GetOperation eID, count, op W%P&o}' If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then `/U:u9H9v DeleteOperation eID,count >3bpa<M_ count=count-1 7 XY C.g End If j@DyWm/7 count=count+1 u4"+u"{d Wend ofSOy1
>Cf`F{X'U 'Set new z-shift %%_90t op.Type = "ShiftZ" 4k#6)e op.val1 = tlens =4I361oMf op.parent = parID \!PC:+uJ AddOperation eID, op 8,R]R= Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens bHP-Z9riv _Sg29qFK '************************************************************************* $5A XE;~{ 'Lens index of refraction ?YS`?Rr '************************************************************************* f|`{PP`\ eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) ]-6 G'i? GetModelMaterial eID, mat {ys_uS{c* *~vRbD$q mat.Nd = nlens !y),| #7P SetModelMaterial eID, mat :K&hGZ+5 Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens cO8;2u,Gvi pM=vW{"I/ '************************************************************************* 52"/Zr }j 'Pupil diameter ]oY~8HW '************************************************************************* fSTEZH eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) }$o%^"[ QIw.`$H+ 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) "P|G^*"~2 Fg~,1[8w< SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" pZR^ HOq d.
a> (G ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens jIl-}/2 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) -P?}
qy^j( eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) Y7p#K<y]9 count = 0 ?{[H+hzz0 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count DK-=Q~`! GetOperation eID, count, op xs:{%ki If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then |gaZq!l DeleteOperation eID,count OS,$}I[`8 count=count-1 |amEuKJ End If 81g&WQ' count=count+1 pQ>V]M Wend UX0tI0.tg op.Type = "ShiftZ" Y~C S2%j op.val1 = taq-0.01 r[lHYO op.parent = parID (lm/S_U$ AddOperation eID, op XyI w5
9 K{iYp4pU Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam @s/ qOq? MqpoS 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description HP8pEo0Y eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) kju:/kY A GetEntity eID, entity 2H /a&uo@n entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" itvwmI,m\ SetEntity eID, entity k.0C*3' OU## A:gI Update M]2 c- Print "DONE!" 51&T`i (-#{qkA End Sub /t/q$X ?-VN+
d7 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: ff0B*0 -Av/L>TxlI Accommodation = 4 Diopters $DVy$)a!u Pupil Diameter = 4 mm _&M>f? l Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 +2g3%c0} Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 u>E+HxUJ Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 cnsGP*w Set lens thickness = 3.927 @Q^;qMy Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 >!2'|y^ Set pupil diameter = 4 Z`%;bP: DONE! B^qB6:\t
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