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简介 b'G4KNW <I}k%q' 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 ^rI&BN@S -y~JNDS1] 模型 #3.\}d) tTY (I1 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 .DT1Jvl #fwG~Q( Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 -Q,lUP 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. K[sfsWQ. h><;TAp 光源 "jy'Dpy0m :R_(+EK1 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 t&*$@0A |*!I(wm2i \!-X&ws 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 Ek84yme# 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 Y40{v(Pi >2_J(vm> 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 o zv><e# D:f0Wv 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 #T+%$q [: zd+8fP/UB 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 Z_S~#[\7^] 视网膜的散射 norWNm(n I'C{=? 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 {>Zc#U' 7Rq;V=2YV Lt_7pb% 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 kz+P?mopm 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 5pz%DhjLo @>JO &,od @ %kCe>r 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 9Y~A2C 脚本 N[czraFBD} 8JGt|, 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: +DksWbD ]^"*Fdn 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 dqnxhN+& 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 ;g*ab 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 MAhcwmZNy 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 0IxXhu6v |eJ4"OPC 分析 {3'z}q ?-Fp rC 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 F+|zCEc wS#.Wzp.w 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 _a^%V9t 脚本代码 q*,];j/>k }h>QkV,{2 Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. 0d~>zKho jCxw|tmgq Dim entity As T_ENTITY Ar N *9 Dim op As T_OPERATION K)N7Y=C3 Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL \_qiUvPf\ Dim A As Double sd
xl@ Dim pupilDiam As Double O:WFh;c Dim eID As Long L@XhgQ Dim parID As Long I HgYgn Dim count As Integer F`r=M%yh Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double !0{":4\ Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double P'xq+Q Dim curv As Double, conic As Double XzIhFX6 Dim ok As Long "JT R5;`w KpA
iKe Sub Main |/5j0 C AVqjT7 '用户输入对话框 FT!|YJz<K Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 $_%yr
~2 TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 dnSjXyjFB Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 zVFz}kJa OKButton 40,91,90,21 POdk0CuX CancelButton 190,91,90,21 3~iIo&NZ Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 <H::{ TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 "hdcB
0 End Dialog 8&\<p7}=h Dim dlg As UserDialog Xkk m~sM6 Ox#%Dm2 ok = Dialog (dlg) S;[9
hI+ LS}dt?78`V If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed 6lpfk& Print "Execution cancelled." wM8Gz.9, End 3iMh)YH5b End If f$[6]7P L}7c{6!F7 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty 5B)Z@-x2 If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then rZm|7A)i A = 0 'Default accommodation c;C:$B7 Else 96x0'IsaG A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) GdVq+,Ge End If dOh`F~
Y)e Y5M>&}N If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then 481J=8H pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter t&MJSFkiA Else |}P4Gr}6 pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) t`1E4$Bb\ End If #0V$KC*> B/hL Print " " yu"enA Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" %Aq+t&-BCX Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" [xXa3W O+ ~.p ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation #&a-m,Y$sx taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness bq{":[a _7Z|=) Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens /2Q@M> CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens vs}_1o s_xWvx8?4. Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens (lBgWz CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens AdMA|!|:hc g(){wCI tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness oju)8H1o# IMjz#|c nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction No#1Ik w "5Orj*{ 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation B@XnHh5y =g|e-XC '************************************************************************* wn2+4> |~p 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) ,[fn? s r '************************************************************************* #'m&<g, eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) X-,scm GetCustomElement eID, entity :KY920/, ernZfd{H parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) $=?1>zvF r,F~Vwa} ' Delete any shift(s) in z 1haNca_6, count = 0 mqxgrb7 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ZuF"GNUC GetOperation eID, count, op bV|(V> If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then ]*b}^PQM^ DeleteOperation eID,count /Xa_Xg7 count=count-1 $qOV#,@ End If '@OqWdaR count=count+1 )c~1s Wend "o.V`Bj uFxhr2
<z 'Set new shift in ?S&pq? op.Type = "ShiftZ" [4Tiukk( op.val1 = taq UykOQ-2-n op.parent = parID fT)u`voE, AddOperation eID, op ACQbw)tiv} Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 s>y=-7:N s%Ez/or(T '************************************************************************* oJ|8~:) 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens Oa7x(wS '************************************************************************* 9e^HTUFbG eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) z@@w?>* GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic =R+z\`2 H(f~B<7q SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant 9[.vtk\iyH Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant yVds2J'w- zQY|=4NP '************************************************************************* Hj&mwn] 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens Cm)_xnv '************************************************************************* yL =*yC eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) H"v3?g`S% GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic oy+`` W~ A4!IbJD,0 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost jTVh`d<N Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost 'C=8. P? ;uw`6 KJ '************************************************************************* o)w8 ]H/ 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 9G)Sjn`AQ '************************************************************************* gcLwQ- Fqtgw8 parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) S 6e<2G=O V?KACYd@O ' Delete any z-shift(s) I_vPGafMx count = 0 B^4D`0G[4 While GetOperationCount(eID)>count kz4d"bTb GetOperation eID, count, op ]7H ? If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then $@
/K/" DeleteOperation eID,count 'k|?M count=count-1 z\iz6-\&y End If K(*QhKX count=count+1 <hG=0Zc r Wend UdBP2 lGd v0pyyUqS 'Set new z-shift 8<cD+Jtj op.Type = "ShiftZ" ^T}6oUd op.val1 = tlens t- Rp_2t op.parent = parID ` oBlv AddOperation eID, op c;M7[y& Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens \U^0E> d " oWiQ{\IP '************************************************************************* o_un=ygU 'Lens index of refraction V{51wnxT '************************************************************************* %lL^[`AR eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) OKDBzl GetModelMaterial eID, mat x --buO F"7dN *7 mat.Nd = nlens Vwj^h SetModelMaterial eID, mat WU}?8\?U% Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens OG\TrW-ug k M/cD` '************************************************************************* W'2a1E 'Pupil diameter YuO-a$BP '************************************************************************* 6>I{Ik@> eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) +.i?UHNB L\@SX?j 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) q%HT)^F9oO 7
S^iGe SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" NL})_.Og G]q1_q4P1? ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens wKe$(>d"L parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) eQBR*@x eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) 'BE &l W count = 0 b_Us%{ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count *W()|-[V3 GetOperation eID, count, op z6B(}(D If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then &@E{0ZD DeleteOperation eID,count sP1wO4M?{ count=count-1 [<~1.L^I End If 4 z~ fn9g count=count+1 RfP>V/jy5 Wend fFG, ^;7-O op.Type = "ShiftZ" 11Kbj`sRZ op.val1 = taq-0.01 a}N m;5K op.parent = parID -i``yf?P AddOperation eID, op wRwTN"Yg YmP`Gg#>p Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam E|u#W3-: yRQR@ 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description hdB.u^! eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) ?b?`(JTR GetEntity eID, entity QN=a{ entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" I>k>^ SetEntity eID, entity 4@6!E^
a`.] 8Jy) Update S4RvWTtQV Print "DONE!" 0i}4T:J@` Rpit> End Sub r&AX G([8Q8B4+ 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: J 00<NRxj" N>z<v\` Accommodation = 4 Diopters v,t&t9}/ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm 2ye^mJ17 Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 5IeF |#g Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 fuM+{1}/E Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 [t55Kz*cD Set lens thickness = 3.927 ZM oV!lu Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 wN,DTmtD
Set pupil diameter = 4 G)28#aH DONE! XGE:ZVpW
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