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简介 VQ{.Ls2`Z 2:(h17So 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 'RIlyH~Yf C+B`A9 模型 Ok-*xd MIcF"fB![ 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 l\=M'D XYbc1+C Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 Ns6Vf5T. 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. mdu5aL qb+vptg@I 光源 EUvxil mQQ5>0^m 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 r5!I|E y//yLrs; q]%c
6{w 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 kRBPl99 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 Xa._ O!!Ne'I 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 :@6,|2be= &e\A v.n@- 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 ;J3az` hSmu"a,S 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 m:77pE&o 视网膜的散射 'l$<DcBj jI$}\*g 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 Zy2@1-z6 n/_cJD\ [@@Ovv 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 pb~&gliW 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 ~%9ofXy RltG/ZI W?m?r.K? 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 \*#9Ry^f 脚本 S8+Xk= x /i+8b(x 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: dB7E&"f `,
?T;JRc 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 .$>?2|gRv 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 rm*Jo|eH` 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 Z3=DM=V;v 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 .IYE+XzV iulM8"P
分析 jcF/5u5e STp}?Cb 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 X%!#Ic]Q e[}R1/!L 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 W`], 脚本代码 |MvCEp /OaLkENgvf Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. ;pdW7 =8 d`qS" Dim entity As T_ENTITY )K\w0sjR Dim op As T_OPERATION +O:Qw[BL/Z Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL D.|h0gU Dim A As Double VF=$'Bl| Dim pupilDiam As Double r7sPFM Dim eID As Long 67 >*AL Dim parID As Long pU)wxv[~ Dim count As Integer .EGZv(rz& Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double uYiM~^0 Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double z7F~;IB*u Dim curv As Double, conic As Double *iS<]y Dim ok As Long @jg*L2L6 -8Z%5W` Sub Main )DuOo83n[" gPY2Bnw;l '用户输入对话框 swuW6p Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 oUR'gc : TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 ZVE q{x1Zc Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1
Aki8# OKButton 40,91,90,21 o6K\z+.{ CancelButton 190,91,90,21 9f;\fe Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 U$6N-q TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 #Zk6
End Dialog sCSrwsbhv Dim dlg As UserDialog "zR+} K[PIw}V$?: ok = Dialog (dlg) YY{S0jnhF _kl.zw% If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed >}GtmnF Print "Execution cancelled." (}vi"mCeW End |2AK~t|t End If B.6gJ2c ]$!-%pNv 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty g:`V:kbY$ If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then WE 'afxgV A = 0 'Default accommodation 5Q,#Co Else DzYi>
E:* A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) |"?0H# End If a,x-akZWf Zm!T4pL If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then 4*d$o=wa pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter ComVY4, Else 1|l'oTAA pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) w`&~m:R End If 9^QiFgJy v#{Sx>lO Print " " xDG8C39qrs Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" o(Yfnnuy Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" 3#`_t :"A FM$XMD0= ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation *cz nokq6 taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness pSvRyb.K SB0Cq Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens <]xGd!x$ CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens jI%v[]V k/o"E Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens I
,8 CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens O?5uCh$H 0=O(+
yi tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness KtTv0[66 CAg~K[ nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction F|pM$Kd` YbAa@Sq@ 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation v6=pV4k9 )N$T& '************************************************************************* BV)oF2b: 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) -#@l`kt '************************************************************************* ?1Os%9D* eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 1%Hc/N- GetCustomElement eID, entity E,IeW {6s "y~tAg parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) 0PEg
`Wq ]90BIJ]*c ' Delete any shift(s) in z V'b$P2 ?^ count = 0 }fC= While GetOperationCount(eID)>count ;::]R'F[ GetOperation eID, count, op vq?Le j If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then h;TN$ / DeleteOperation eID,count B|WM;Y^ count=count-1 +G:CR,Z>+ End If @!'rsPrI count=count+1 jD}G9=[$1 Wend a
gkw)# Gxh r0' 'Set new shift in =D~>$Y op.Type = "ShiftZ" '`s+e#rs4{ op.val1 = taq px${
"K< op.parent = parID vKO/hZBh AddOperation eID, op VW`SqUl Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 Q{[l1: J?#Xy9dz '************************************************************************* n }kn|To~ 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens .Gt_~x '************************************************************************* +)xjw9b eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) Gf=3h4 GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic zm!M'|~@7 X$2f)3 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant h6b(FTC^ Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant $GR
rT C! ${)oi:K@: '************************************************************************* Xp+lpVcJ 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens ,njlKkFw^Z '************************************************************************* mBeP"G S eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) UgLFU# GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic "Zfm4Nx" p#%*z~ui SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost R<B5<!+ Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost j{j5TvsrY PN3 Qxi4F '************************************************************************* G@KDRv 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) Xs{PAS0 '************************************************************************* -2[#1S* n2can parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) ;X^#$*=Q "O'c.v?{x ' Delete any z-shift(s) '?jsH+j+ count = 0 1eywnOjrj While GetOperationCount(eID)>count P!"{-m' GetOperation eID, count, op HC}vO0X4 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then cQ]c!G|a4 DeleteOperation eID,count oI!"F=?&6 count=count-1 zYP6m3n End If YKz#, count=count+1 Xt:$H6
y Wend 8k3y"239t Zf1
uK(6X 'Set new z-shift 'pT13RFD op.Type = "ShiftZ" PZQAlO, op.val1 = tlens (3K3)0fy op.parent = parID =tbfBK+ AddOperation eID, op h
(q,T$7W Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens 8h0C G] OPzudO '************************************************************************* *RxJ8.G 'Lens index of refraction uJCp '************************************************************************* .8Bu%Sf eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) :'B(DzUR GetModelMaterial eID, mat $cK}Tlq M 9-Q mat.Nd = nlens `kuu}YUi SetModelMaterial eID, mat .hu7JM+ Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens |,@D< F{;#\Ob '************************************************************************* T 5Zh2Q@ 'Pupil diameter nKzm.D gt_ '************************************************************************* ,|d9lK`" P eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) <#ON [:.wCG5 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) @]%eL +HBizJ9K SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" r) x w")
G:K ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens #<< el;n parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) h\UKm|BZ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) ",3v%$> count = 0 pe
vXixl While GetOperationCount(eID)>count O\.^H/ GetOperation eID, count, op :c~SH/qS If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then T8a' 6otc DeleteOperation eID,count V. &F%(L count=count-1 S[exnZ*Y End If oh< -&3Jn count=count+1 gMI%!Y Wend ):'wxIVGI op.Type = "ShiftZ" ?OFa
Q op.val1 = taq-0.01 ^AH[]sE_ op.parent = parID x|a&wC2,{ AddOperation eID, op G<e+sDQ2 Q4m>
3I Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam D+3?p \W.CHSD 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description t|i NSy3 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) d5l42^Z GetEntity eID, entity #"4ioTL2 entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" ri{*\LV*@ SetEntity eID, entity Ab ,^y 'IX1WS&\" Update f256;3n Print "DONE!" Rlewp8?LB 7<xnE]jdq End Sub ,GH`tK_ pJ]
Ix *M 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: '(5GRI< F"]P| Accommodation = 4 Diopters 45c?0tj Pupil Diameter = 4 mm vN{@c(=g Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 1(o\GI3: Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 5?-HQoT)G Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 m;dwt1'Zw Set lens thickness = 3.927 EH|+S Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 UGPDwgq\v Set pupil diameter = 4 }YDi/b7 DONE! 6YM X7G] {U=J>#@G bCw{9El!K4 QQ:2987619807 LlX)xJ
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