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简介 XI:+EeM? Q8A+\LR~) 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 wy^mh.= UX Z<W f/ 模型 He$v'87] ~$ Po3]{s 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 D-D8La?0p AQtOTT$ Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 3s?ZyQy 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. "!&
o|!2 L8Q/!+K 光源 tJ*/5k
& 1cx%+- 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 $WE=u 9m +vH#xc\' ?&!!(dWFH 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 me F. 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 -tx%#(?wH 'f0R/6h\3s 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 oGyoU#z# N
A_8<B^ 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 3sRI7g Unansk 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 xXnSo0`LF 视网膜的散射 {MN6JGb|' V)4?y9xZv 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 Bio QV47B ~}/_QlX` K t|9vb 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 v9!]/]U^ 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 <IBUl}|\ Y]
UoV_ uhv_'Q 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 i-#D c(9 脚本 VZe'6?# >p#_L^oZ% 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: Q/J <$W*, qG2P?D R 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 fGW~xul_ 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 &_s^C?x 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 Gm> =s 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 ?!$Dr0r N/b$S@ 分析 X{[$4\di{ +;*4.} 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 Z^Wv(:Nr |Bv,*7i& 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析
;5 脚本代码 1bDAi2 H EMxMJ= Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. Kx BvL[/ >I0 a$w Dim entity As T_ENTITY *5 \'$;Rg Dim op As T_OPERATION {9) HB: Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL Q'hs,t1< Dim A As Double sO!m,pK( Dim pupilDiam As Double * bhb=~ Dim eID As Long &OkPO| Dim parID As Long 7VdxQ T Dim count As Integer !aJ6Uf%R Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double hZ/p' Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double PBcb*7W Dim curv As Double, conic As Double JV8*;n%}- Dim ok As Long J l{My^I5 32y 9r z Sub Main '#oH1$W] #;+SAoN
'用户输入对话框 -G'3&L4
D Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 -i_XP]b& TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 kw7E<aF! Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 )>iPx.hVSS OKButton 40,91,90,21 16nU`TN CancelButton 190,91,90,21 PsS.lhj0" Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 ~BE=z: TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 O%aHQL%Sz End Dialog r gi4> Dim dlg As UserDialog B?e]
Ht AM#s2.@ ok = Dialog (dlg) zz<o4bR @3U=kO(^+\ If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed CL?=j| Ea Print "Execution cancelled." RMid}BRE End b `}hw"f End If 83aWMmA(1 79k+R9m 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty /)dyAX( If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then m,6[; A = 0 'Default accommodation -D1A Else [A]
+Azc A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) B1%xU? End If V@EyU/VJ C~nL3w If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then r;>.*60AT pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter ;E!] /oY< Else ~jz51[{v pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) uu>R)iTQ%S End If ;
0M"T[c 9T1-{s
R Print " " )wdd"*hv Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" wS
>S\,LV Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" r]aI=w<(f F ^m;xy ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation ZXIz.GFy+ taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness TQ%F\@" uU-1;m#N? Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens Bo'v!bI7 CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens r029E- ZqjLZ9?q Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens &]A0=h2{P* CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens 'TA
!JB+ <7gv<N6BQf tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness 5dbj{r)s6i 1F+JyZK}w nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction 5{v uN)K3 ^oClf( 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation P{: 5i%qC %&s4YD/{ '************************************************************************* &^Gp 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) dOKe}?}== '************************************************************************* qG]0z_dPE~ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) .*J /F$ GetCustomElement eID, entity k/BlkjlNE 8]bLp parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) : JSuC k[f_7lJ2 ' Delete any shift(s) in z XK)0Mt\ count = 0 Pa$"c?QUy While GetOperationCount(eID)>count g8"H{u GetOperation eID, count, op Yn0iu$;n If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then H6/gRv@ DeleteOperation eID,count =j{Kxnv count=count-1 jx
?"`;a End If .kgt?r
count=count+1 QiJ Wend #qK5i1< E Q:6R|L 'Set new shift in fX>y^s?y op.Type = "ShiftZ" J=HN~B1 op.val1 = taq vskp1 Wi( op.parent = parID Yvu?M8aK! AddOperation eID, op Nu'ox. V Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 d"Zyc(Jk ?0qP6'nWx '************************************************************************* .8;0O
M 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens cIrc@ '************************************************************************* dfZ`M^NU eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) 7 y$a=+D i GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic U~M!T#\s tZu1jBO_Q4 SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant `}rk1rl6 Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant n9-WZsc1 Lg|d[*;'7 '************************************************************************* z*9 ke 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens Zq5~M bldh '************************************************************************* )CgH|z:=b eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" )
MT$)A:" GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic fVdu9 l \^jRMIM== SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost a|4Q6Ycu Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost {i}E)Np rj4R/{h '************************************************************************* )lq+Gv[%F 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) ntW1 )H'o '************************************************************************* \)ZCB7| 77ztDQDtM parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) MV07RjeS q>5j (,6F ' Delete any z-shift(s) '|<S`,'#hg count = 0 2.MY8}&WBu While GetOperationCount(eID)>count i6g=fx6j* GetOperation eID, count, op +oL@pp0 If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then 8pZ Ogh
DeleteOperation eID,count {w7/M]m- count=count-1 %joL}f[ End If xErb11 count=count+1 9PMIF9" Wend \k^ojz J +(^HL3 'Set new z-shift ?0?3yD-!9 op.Type = "ShiftZ" C2\zbC[qm op.val1 = tlens y0~ttfv op.parent = parID ;~'& m AddOperation eID, op !Lw]aHb Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens n|KYcU# G\B+bBz '************************************************************************* IDL0!cF 'Lens index of refraction n 8
K6m( '************************************************************************* 1l Cr? eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) `*D"=5G+ GetModelMaterial eID, mat 0=K8 nxdx .t/@d(R mat.Nd = nlens )4m`Ya,E3 SetModelMaterial eID, mat C\B4Uu6q Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens _ElG&hyp D2=zrU3Y64 '************************************************************************* ncUS8z 'Pupil diameter k[,0kP; '************************************************************************* 8@RtL,[d eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) > >KCd _uXb>V*8 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) e`OQ6|.k8 bdG@%K', SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" * ^V?u 1ANb=X|hig ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens 't5`Ni parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) CPMGsW^ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) Aa4Tq2G count = 0 ?~!9\dek, While GetOperationCount(eID)>count >?rMMR+A GetOperation eID, count, op 1hE{(onI If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then $*T?}r> DeleteOperation eID,count z^z`{B count=count-1 r a>2< End If xV
2C4K count=count+1 Hmt2~>FI[ Wend =0 !j"z= op.Type = "ShiftZ" egURRC! op.val1 = taq-0.01 c?u*,d) G op.parent = parID X6 N&:< AddOperation eID, op
>]~|Nf/i ^$sqU Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam 'tvuw\hhL %OHZOs 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description Dad$_% eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) mt`CQz"_ GetEntity eID, entity OZnKJ< entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" [uLsM<C SetEntity eID, entity q=V'pML ~BX=n9 Update FROC/' Print "DONE!" %^vT7c> )>S,#_e*b End Sub l {>j8Ln $Ery&rX. 如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: ?Ve IlD b*M?\ aA Accommodation = 4 Diopters Dfa3#{ Pupil Diameter = 4 mm >m.. Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 "\KBF Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 8/BMFRJ Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 Zd-6_,r Set lens thickness = 3.927 XclTyUGoK+ Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 +E_yEH7_) Set pupil diameter = 4 % hvK;B?Y| DONE! IT&,?u% n2hV}t9O 1{
%y(?` QQ:2987619807 ]L7A$sTUQ
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