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简介 {xCqz0 et}%E9 人眼光学模型可用来设计眼科用设备,光学系统注定了要与人眼一起使用。本文演示了这样一个模型:Arizona眼睛模型,在Jim Schwiegerling教授的书中有详细描述:《Field Guide to Visual and Ophthalmic Optics》。AZ眼睛模型达到了基于平均临床数据所决定的轴上和轴外像差等级。FRED文件包含了此眼睛模型及几个用来分析它的光源,并包括一个基于想要的屈光度来调整模型的内嵌脚本。 R_B`dP<"~Y "w:?WS 模型 !@9G9<NK {qb2!}FQ 模型的定义如表1种所示,由半径、圆锥常数、折射率、阿贝数、到下一面的距离等一系列表面组成。一些参数由屈光度(A)来决定。 e#s-MK-Q M`tNYs]V Table 1. AZ眼睛模型的定义 _qsg2e}n 在FRED中使用0屈光度来创建的,光瞳加在了透镜的前面。材料是创建一个新的材料并选择类型“Model Material”,输入的参数是nd和vd. ok(dCAKP p>= b|Qy| 光源 r;8X6C aLO'.5
~^ 多个光源定义来分析该模型的不同特性。图1显示了所以的光源和提示信息告诉您他们可以用来做什么。 !EB[Lutm >M^4p [6f(3|" 图1. 光源和提示信息使用 #pr{tL 除了“Letter F”之外的所有光源的光线位置设定在了孔径光阑位置处,并增加了pre-propagation distance= -8。尽管光线在光瞳处创建,规定的传输方向相对于光线位置在pre-propagation distance之后。这意味着光束沿着Z轴在眼睛的前面以平行光入射,而不是在光瞳处入射。 Q$8K-5U% #SqU>R 在往下看是内置的脚本用来修改屈光度,使其为4(250mm),光源“Letter F”在视网膜处生成一个字母为F的图像。绿色的光线聚焦的非常好而红色和蓝色光线有一点的模糊。使用Positions Spot Diagram分析工具来观察最为合适。 lFbf9s:$B s> JWNP 图2. 字母F光源的设定方法光 # GOL%2X evGUl~</~ 图3. 字母F在视网膜上位置点列图 UpS7>c7s 视网膜的散射 r"&VG2c0K Q8^g WBc 在散射文件中,有一个名为“Retina surface”的72%的反射型朗伯散射,它为视网膜的散射提供了一个粗略的近似。为了模拟来自视网膜的散射,改变自定义元件“Eye ball” 下的视网膜的表面从“halt all” 到”Allow All”。并使几何中“plane”可追迹。 Wph@LRB] N~+ e\K6 maVfLVx- 图4. 视网膜朗伯散射设定 (X~JTH:e/ 注意在视网膜的表面有散射重点采样规格定义,在“Scatter”标签的底部可获取该信息。“toward pupil”指定散射光朝向光瞳,半角度10度。 :Hq#co ]B3f$;W U$7]*#@& 图5. 视网膜重点采样规格设定 tWaM+W 脚本 'oS= d }N0v_Nas;v 内置脚本使用对话框显示屈光度和光瞳直径的数值设置。使用FRED Basic脚本创建和使用对话框非常容易。图6显示了如何获取用户自定义对话框,如下图所示: bL0>ul" E@_]L<Z 图6. 用户对话框的创建与编辑 f8S! FGiNc 图7. 用户对话框编辑器 [(m+Ejzi% 如果“OK”按钮按下,将会核对对话框下面的代码行,如果点击取消则脚本终止。然后输入的参数赋予变量,如果此处是保留为空白,则使用默认值。因此,如果没有值输入并点击“OK”按钮,则脚本是以屈光度为0,光瞳直径为4mm来运行的。 .^V9XN{'a 余下的脚本计算与屈光度有关的所有参数。 ]La~Bh6;m JXq l=/% 分析 6D/K=- M6XpauR- 屈光度为4,光瞳直径为4mm,字母F点在视网膜上所成的像。 !dGSZ|YZ ' ?uwUBi 图7. 字母F在视网膜上颜色分析 jP}Ix8vc= 脚本代码 GL'l "L !z2 KQ
4C Option Explicit 'Remove this to enable non-dimensioned variables to be used. THY=8&x) tO+Lf2Ni+ Dim entity As T_ENTITY 36UUt!}p Dim op As T_OPERATION 4KB>O)YNg' Dim mat As T_MODELMATERIAL raJv$P Dim A As Double S(PU"}vZy Dim pupilDiam As Double 2 `U+
! Dim eID As Long ^=[b]*V Dim parID As Long D.*o^{w| Dim count As Integer u{5+hZ Dim taq As Double, Rant As Double, CCant As Double, Rpost As Double, CCpost As Double qyL!>kZr@ Dim tlens As Double, nlens As Double Y(B3M=j Dim curv As Double, conic As Double Wgb L9'}B Dim ok As Long OCEhwB0 A.cNOous| Sub Main OE=.@Ry" [Zne19/ '用户输入对话框 *9tRhRc Begin Dialog UserDialog 320,126,"Input parameters" ' %GRID:10,7,1,1 )8%m|v#W TextBox 220,21,40,21,.TextBox1 'default: 0 d-`z1' Text 20,21,190,21,"Accommodation (in Diopters):",.Text1,1 '+v[z=.8] OKButton 40,91,90,21 B3&C=*y CancelButton 190,91,90,21 7mA:~- .u Text 20,49,190,14,"Pupil diameter (4 mm default):",.Text2,1 dO4Jf9) TextBox 220,49,40,21,.TextBox2 'default: 4 C_;A~iI7 End Dialog 47!k!cHa Dim dlg As UserDialog Ru@ { b` "Z)zKg ok = Dialog (dlg) e#!p6+#" }///k]_Sh If ok=0 Then 'cancel button was pressed Xxr"Gc[ Print "Execution cancelled." 7gE/g`"# End EIF"{,m End If nQ#NW8*Fs DLPg0>;jl 'Assign accommodation and pupil diameter & use defaults if field left empty zg$NrI& If dlg.TextBox1 = "" Then Axw+zO A = 0 'Default accommodation H1r8n$h Else J+m1d\lBu A = CDbl(dlg.TextBox1) &] O^d4/ End If f&!{o= oAgU rl;R If dlg.TextBox2 = "" Then 1F R pupilDiam = 4 'Default pupil diameter 1!;4I@W(I) Else v9"03=h pupilDiam = CDbl(dlg.TextBox2) '?1g_C QsS End If M8${&&[; UBw*}p Print " " x:+]^?}r Print "Accommodation = " & A & " Diopters" ^/)%s 3 Print "Pupil Diameter = " & pupilDiam & " mm" gWfMUl u1`JvfLrL ' Calculate new parameters with accommodation ^00C"58A taq = 0.55 + 2.97 - 0.04*A 'Aqueous thickness 10CRgrZ o]<J&<WM Rant = 12.0 - 0.4*A 'Radius of anterior lens qVE<voB8 CCant = -7.518749 + 1.285720*A 'Conic constant of anterior lens m8Rt>DY {R?VB!dR Rpost = -5.224557 + 0.2*A 'Radius of posterior lens S5[}kfe CCpost = -1.353971 - 0.431762*A 'Conic constant of posterior lens MB+a?u0\ :@~mN7O* tlens = 3.767 + 0.04*A 'Lens thickness 7*>,BhF# \: R Akf< nlens = 1.42 + 0.00256*A - 0.00022*A^2 'Lens index of refraction #9t3 <H[ GYtp%<<9; 'Adjust parameters to account for accommodation EzU3'x %*OQH?pyx} '************************************************************************* }(!3)k7* 'Aqueous thickness (Position of Lens) Z6#(83G4 '************************************************************************* EZ[e
a< eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) 8;O /x GetCustomElement eID, entity _|7bpt9 \hP.Q;"MtO parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) >aT~G!y p21li}Iu ' Delete any shift(s) in z QObHW[:F count = 0 6t3Zi:=I While GetOperationCount(eID)>count JhvT+"~ GetOperation eID, count, op aX?
tnDv If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then M:oZk&cs DeleteOperation eID,count %v[KLMo'( count=count-1 ] -%B4lT End If 6Oy6r
count=count+1 36}&{A Wend 04:QEC"9mj z\>ZgRi~n 'Set new shift in @4$la'XSx op.Type = "ShiftZ" .:=5|0m op.val1 = taq )B"E+Q'h{7 op.parent = parID XRi37|p AddOperation eID, op A}i>ys Print "Set aqueous humor thickness = " & taq-0.55 ?;ZnD(4? zA|)9Dq '************************************************************************* . dJBv 'Radius and conic constant of anterior lens Jt3*(+J>/ '************************************************************************* :VE0eJ]J6 eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Anterior" ) mt4X GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic gUme({h&| Mg&<W#$K SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rant, CCant ?L6wky{ Print "Set anterior lens radius = " & Rant & " and conic constant = " & CCant XoGOY|2`6 ie7P^:T|+ '************************************************************************* yh{U!hG 'Radius and conic constant of posterior lens b1yS1i
D '************************************************************************* `E|>K\ eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens.Posterior" ) k=9k4l GetConic eID, entity, curv, conic 3e1%G#fu w@H@[x SetConic eID, entity, 1/Rpost, CCpost 6u xF< Print "Set posterior lens radius = " & Rpost & " and conic constant = " & CCpost I7W?}bR*6 f/U~X; '************************************************************************* |{La@X 'Lens thickness (Position of posterior lens surface) 4)Ew
rU '************************************************************************* fJ+4H4K _O&P!hI parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Lens" ) G$2Pny<! l=C|4@ ' Delete any z-shift(s) tv5N
wM count = 0 h{^MdYJ While GetOperationCount(eID)>count
p]jG
,S GetOperation eID, count, op %DKC/% If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then #)4p,H DeleteOperation eID,count o)8VJ\ & count=count-1 g\ H~Y@'{ End If !w/]V{9`X count=count+1 rdH^"( Wend gi+FL_8CzU 6\? 2=dNX 'Set new z-shift $g\p)- aU op.Type = "ShiftZ" eF?jNO3 op.val1 = tlens +ZkJ{r0,( op.parent = parID
" s/ws AddOperation eID, op a!.Y@o5Ku Print "Set lens thickness = " & tlens B[5<& /as+ TU`A '************************************************************************* Rb0{W]opt+ 'Lens index of refraction qAt#0 '************************************************************************* zrwzI+4 eID = FindMaterial( "Lens" ) L%Ms?`i, GetModelMaterial eID, mat be [E^% Fe2t[y:8h mat.Nd = nlens c/%GfB[w0 SetModelMaterial eID, mat f DPLB[ Print "Set lens index of refraction = " & nlens ~|ha91 k<RaC= '************************************************************************* 9TEAM<b; 'Pupil diameter [B j\h7G '************************************************************************* $<L@B|}F) eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil.Iris" ) C1OiM b(: ()<?^lr33 'Adjust pupil diameter (trimming volume inner hole) NleMZ WUb] 8$n SetTrimVolHole eID, pupilDiam/2, pupilDiam/2, 0, 0, "Cylinder" iKv"200h( w`atk=K ' Adjust pupil location to just in front of the lens 3S
@)Ans parID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) &td eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye.Pupil" ) Dy{lgT 0k count = 0 xrkR)~ E While GetOperationCount(eID)>count xEufbFAN? GetOperation eID, count, op fM"&=X If op.Type="ShiftZ" Then eKRE1DK DeleteOperation eID,count !PgwFJ count=count-1 [{zfI`6 End If ),2|TlQ count=count+1 {D8yqO A} Wend N9~'\O$'7 op.Type = "ShiftZ" EIF op.val1 = taq-0.01 y s[ z[ op.parent = parID >uFFTik AddOperation eID, op ssl.Y! 3 ;AJp_; Print "Set pupil diameter = " & pupilDiam DH)E9HL %8>0;ktU 'Update AZ Eye subassembly Description }-
wK eID = FindFullName( "Geometry.Arizona Eye" ) V?~!D p GetEntity eID, entity orAr3`AR3 entity.Description = "Accommodation = " & A & "D" mdlMciP SetEntity eID, entity =&m;5R
,lVQ-qw5 Update Sa/]81aG Print "DONE!" i/PL!'oq VFKFO9 End Sub z&\N^tBv *a-KQw
如果屈光度是4,光瞳直径是4,则会输出如下数据: yi2F#o 'K
Az/B/BLB Accommodation = 4 Diopters 0qW"b`9R Pupil Diameter = 4 mm arvKJmD Set aqueous humor thickness = 2.81 dV
/Es Set anterior lens radius = 10.4 and conic constant = -2.375869 V;hO1xfR3& Set posterior lens radius = -4.424557 and conic constant = -3.081019 u"8KH
u5C@ Set lens thickness = 3.927 fh`}~ aQ Set lens index of refraction = 1.42672 D'#,%4P,e\ Set pupil diameter = 4 w%(D4ldp DONE! 7/iN`3Bz Iu^I?c[ Z:diM$Z?7 QQ:2987619807 ^FZ9q
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