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cyqdesign 2016-06-21 11:24

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications EfrkB"  
(HV~ '5D  
Joseph W. Goodman 2cX"#."5p  
c[d'1=Qiy  
Contents h7W%}6Cqkw  
1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 lJ>QTZH!wW  
1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 &"j).Ogm4  
1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 B,m$ur#$  
1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Dxa)7dA|  
2 Random Phasor Sums 7 {,  *Y  
2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 Z\gg<Q  
2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 J:-TINeB  
2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 E_gDwWot  
2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 GT\s!D;<  
2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 m|cWX"#g  
2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 A@  
3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 -JQg ~1  
3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 LOb'<R\p  
3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ga1gd~a  
3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 l^eNZ3:H  
3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 8|-mzb&  
3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6`5 @E\"E  
3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 t ]I(98pY  
3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 : $52Ds!i  
3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 ^B6i6]Pd=9  
3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 >~wk  
3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 A*;^F]~'  
3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ~ :b:_ 5"  
3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 w KMk|y>  
3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3 ws(uF9$  
3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ?VN]0{JSp  
3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lv5 ==w}  
3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 .lF\bA|  
4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 UE#Ni 5  
4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 lbuW*)  
4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Md?bAMnG+}  
4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 16> >4U:Y  
4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ,vdP #:  
4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 e %v4,8  
4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 L9YwOSb.  
4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 v7OV;e a$  
4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 QKaj4?p$|S  
4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 #m$%S%s  
4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 JO^ [@  
4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 [11-`v0  
4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 #IrP"j^  
4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 @)'@LF1Z  
4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 gsR9M%mv  
4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height &eS70hq  
Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 bq&S?! =s  
4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 DUliU8B}\  
4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 }nY^T&?`  
4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 |mE +f]7$  
4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 L(n~@ gq  
4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of ]j$p_s>  
Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 [ EID27P  
4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 +e4<z%1  
4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 j.N\U#3KK  
4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3XlnI:w =  
4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 yz$1qEII`q  
4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 U9[A(  
4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 |QTqa~~B  
4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 ,p`b Wm  
4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 sCCr%r]zL  
4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Z#:@M[HH{  
4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 1@z@  
4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 m;+1;B  
4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 nzJi)A./  
4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 K/d &c]  
5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 UpseU8Wo  
5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 P:-/3  
5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 x&/Syb  
5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7`<? f O  
5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 V;]VwsZ"  
5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 h:;eh  
5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 wR+`("2{r  
5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 V//q$/&8(  
5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 _v=WjN  
5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 9x^ /kAB  
5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 :O+b4R+  
5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 safS>wM]  
5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 `/ReJj&~  
5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 {ZEXlNPww  
5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 YIUmCx0a  
5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 _"bvT?|  
5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 2OlC7X{  
6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 P(nHXVSUE  
6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 ZjW| qb  
6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 xWb?i6)z&  
6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 LF.~rmPa  
6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 RW[<e   
6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 +Qb/:xQu  
6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 JU1; /3(  
6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 )mVYqlU"  
6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 -?`l<y(  
6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 U9sub6w6  
6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 ~EkGG .  
6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 uOqDJM'RM  
6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 pcTXTy 28  
6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 C\@YH]  
6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 ,;pX.Ob U  
6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 t U= b~  
6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 2MzFSmhc"  
6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 :!15>ML;-  
6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 s\FNKWQ  
6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 vm}.gQ  
6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 y/VmjsN}  
6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 ibUPd."W  
6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 ]!o,S{a&  
7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 U I|@5:J  
7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8&hn$~ate  
7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Cy'W!qH  
7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 *<QL[qyV  
7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 >M85xjXP  
7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 S%#Mu|  
7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 H1i4_T  
7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 &?sjeC_  
7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 1+c(G?Ava  
7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 F4(U~n<  
7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 >8t[EsW/  
7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 1RHH<c%2n  
7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 3-%~{(T/  
8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 #N}}8RL  
8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 uxiX"0)g>  
8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 ZaindX{.1  
8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Cms"OkN  
8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 {\Y,UANZ  
8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 |noTIAI  
8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 =DwH*U /YR  
8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 *X5LyO3-gP  
8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 [/j-d  
8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 cNC BbOMr  
8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 c4W"CD;D  
8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 PP|xIAc  
8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 >m{-&1Tx  
8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 m]pvJJ@  
8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 o!0a8i  
8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Ll48)P{+}V  
A Linear Transformations 263 me\)JCZpb{  
B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 ?IO/zkeXg  
C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 (:]iHg3  
C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 D"5~-9<  
C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 ~,1X>N"  
C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 kIo?<=F8T  
D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 sOenR6J<$  
D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 CMUphS-KE  
D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Gl1$W=pR:  
E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 -8e tH&  
E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 t2<(by!  
E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 R_DQtLI  
E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 C,.{y`s'  
F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 Mt0|`=64  
Bibliography 291 !\v3bOi&  
Index 299
measure123 2016-06-21 11:26
感谢分享，好书
mang2004 2016-06-25 10:51
经典，谢谢。
herrok 2016-06-25 23:16
谢谢楼主！
mumapiaoyun 2016-07-05 21:29
好高深，了解学习下
光强 2016-07-06 23:32
Speckle Phenomena
东西南北 2016-09-17 20:59
学习来了  谢谢
alvin1989 2016-11-24 02:38
好书啊， 最近在做multimodefiber的实验，觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
bairuizheng 2016-11-24 03:03
谢谢。 #{sb>^BF  
hesi 2017-03-18 17:30
很清楚，谢谢！
bincao 2017-07-28 15:36
好书，谢谢
bmw0501 2017-08-02 09:58
好东西，谢谢 ,B><la87  
starnoy 2017-08-30 10:05
不错，好东西啊
sniper_2008 2018-07-18 19:08
谢谢分享资料！
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢分享。
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢，感谢
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
谢谢，楼主
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
内容可以。
hesi 2018-12-30 11:44
谢谢楼主！现在能找到的英文电子版跟最终出版的的好像都差第八章。英文电子版的第八章在出版时是第九章，参见中译本
tebsix 2018-12-30 15:12
好高深，了解学习下
k0184990 2019-02-20 01:54
感谢分享，好书
cgl155410 2019-02-20 08:55
感谢分享，好书
icecool258 2019-03-18 12:36
学习学习
arq2008 2021-12-01 17:56
谢谢楼主！
kendall 2022-04-03 09:24
优秀book，支持
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