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cyqdesign 2016-06-21 11:24

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications

Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications " I@Z:[=2  
b}$m!c:<8  
Joseph W. Goodman rDYq]`  
C({L4O#?o  
Contents r\[HR ^`  
1 Origins and Manifestations of Speckle 1 %'* |N [  
1.1 General Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A}\Rms 2  
1.2 Intuitive Explanation of the Cause of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2  aG\m 3r  
1.3 Some Mathematical Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 hpXu3o7e  
2 Random Phasor Sums 7 !T0IMI  
2.1 First and Second Moments of the Real and Imaginary Parts of the Resultant Phasor . . . . . 8 "eQ96^'J  
2.2 Random Walk with a Large Number of Independent Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 nwN<Q\]S  
2.3 Random Phasor Sum Plus a Known Phasor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 &nn.h@zje  
2.4 Sums of Random Phasor Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 |<ke>j/6n  
2.5 Random Phasor Sums with a Finite Number of Equal-Length Components . . . . . . . . . 16 cp?`\P  
2.6 Random Phasor Sums with a Nonuniform Distribution of Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 (p14{  
3 First-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 23 %e%nsj6  
3.1 Definition of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 XpH[SRUx  
3.2 First-Order Statistics of the Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 i%*x7zjY{  
3.2.1 Large Number of Random Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ~.x!st}  
3.2.2 Constant Phasor plus a Random Phasor Sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 mk4%]t"  
3.2.3 Finite Number of Equal-Length Phasors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 v!F(DP.)Z  
3.3 Sums of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 w.l#Z} k  
3.3.1 Sums on an Amplitude Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 'KQu z)-  
3.3.2 Sum of Two Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 59^@K"J  
3.3.3 Sum of N Independent Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 O~,^x$v e  
3.3.4 Sums of Correlated Speckle Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 \0WMb  
3.4 Partially Polarized Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 \k1Wh-3  
3.5 Partially Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 ydns_Z  
3.6 Speckled Speckle, or Compound Speckle Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 9$DVG/  
3.6.1 Speckle Driven by a Negative Exponential Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . 48 i]$d3J3  
3.6.2 Speckle Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 u khI#:[  
3.6.3 Sums of Independent Speckle Patterns Driven by a Gamma Intensity Distribution . . 51 o3WkbMJWM  
4 Higher-Order Statistical Properties of Optical Speckle 55 )edM@beY_  
4.1 Multivariate Gaussian Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Y,(eu*Za  
4.2 Application to Speckle Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 .X2mEnh  
4.3 Multidimensional Statistics of Speckle Amplitude, Phase and Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 WejY b;KS  
4.3.1 Joint Density Function of the Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ,XA;S5FE  
4.3.2 Joint Density Function of the Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 e#'`I^8l  
4.3.3 Joint Density Function of the Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 cE*|8'rSf  
4.4 Autocorrelation Function and Power Spectrum of Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 >M1/m=a  
4.4.1 Free-Space Propagation Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 pb{P[-f  
4.4.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 AN~1E@"  
4.4.3 Speckle Size in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 E?XA/z !  
4.5 Dependence of Speckle on Scatterer Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 e2*^;&|%  
4.5.1 Surface vs. Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 ,OasT!Sr  
4.5.2 Effect of a Finite Correlation Area of the ScatteredWave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Dea;9O  
4.5.3 A Regime where Speckle Size Is Independent of Scattering Spot Size . . . . . . . . 81 7>ODaj   
4.5.4 Relation between the Correlation Areas of the ScatteredWave and the Surface Height y~luuV;uj  
Fluctuations— Surface Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 ADBw" ? >  
4.5.5 Dependence of Speckle Contrast on Surface Roughness— Surface Scattering . . . . 88 gN]`$==c[  
4.5.6 Properties of Speckle Resulting from Volume Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 .M! (|KE4  
4.6 Statistics of Integrated and Blurred Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 *Cb(4h-  
4.6.1 Mean and Variance of Integrated Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 X&lkA (  
4.6.2 Approximate Result for the Probability Density Function of kv5Qxj}  
Integrated Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 _&z>Id`w  
4.6.3 “Exact” Result for the Probability Density Function of Integrated Intensity . . . . . 101 16 Xwtn72  
4.6.4 Integration of Partially Polarized Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 ]52_p[hZ}<  
4.7 Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle Intensity and Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 nu3 A'E`'k  
4.7.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 uyA9`~p=#  
4.7.2 Parameters for Various Scattering Spot Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 MoX* e  
4.7.3 Derivatives of Speckle Phase: Ray Directions in a Speckle Pattern . . . . . . . . . . 111 [MEa@D<7N  
4.7.4 Derivatives of Speckle Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 YT:1=Nf}  
4.7.5 Level Crossings of Speckle Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 FCe503qND$  
4.8 Zeros of Speckle Patterns: Optical Vortices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 )T3wU~%  
4.8.1 Conditions Required for a Zero of Intensity to Occur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 u3ZG;ykM  
4.8.2 Properties of Speckle Phase in the Vicinity of a Zero of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . 119 n)=&=Uj`f  
4.8.3 The Density of Vortices in Fully Developed Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 /d=$,q1  
4.8.4 The Density of Vortices for Fully Developed Speckle Plus a Coherent Background . 123 {'ZnxK'  
5 OpticalMethods for Suppressing Speckle 125 K7l{&2>?  
5.1 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 };+s0:H  
5.2 Temporal Averaging with a Moving Diffuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 @!MbPS  
5.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 @1 +/r?b  
5.2.2 Smooth Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 zm}1~A  
5.2.3 Rough Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 PT4`1Oy}/1  
5.3 Wavelength and Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 9BY b{<0tS  
5.3.1 Free-Space Propagation, Reflection Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 xl9l>k6,  
5.3.2 Free-Space Propagation, Transmission Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 @<PL  
5.3.3 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 ;PHnv5 x@f  
5.4 Temporal and Spatial Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 hB.dqv]^  
5.4.1 Coherence Concepts in Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 j>T''T f  
5.4.2 Moving Diffusers and Coherence Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 @3@%9E  
5.4.3 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Temporal Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 ?~K2&eo  
5.4.4 Speckle Suppression by Reduction of Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Rk=B;  
5.5 Use of Temporal Coherence to Destroy Spatial Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 VO`A  
5.6 Compounding Speckle Suppression Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 DEs?xl]zO  
6 Speckle in Certain Imaging Modalities 165 g\.N>P@Bu  
6.1 Speckle in the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 f LW>-O73  
6.2 Speckle in Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167  @bx2=  
6.2.1 Principles of Holography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9j"\Lr*o "  
6.2.2 Speckle Suppression in Holographic Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 !eq]V9  
6.3 Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 JU@$(  
6.3.1 Overview of the OCT Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172  ;E&XFTdO  
6.3.2 Analysis of OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173  4{?x(~  
6.3.3 Speckle and Speckle Suppression in OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 2ya`2 m  
6.4 Speckle in Optical Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 G#V22Wca8  
6.4.1 Anatomies of Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 d5\1-d_uz  
6.4.2 Speckle Suppression in Projection Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 ayD\b6Z2.  
6.4.3 Polarization Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 %FU[ j^  
6.4.4 A Moving Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 VJ"3G;;  
6.4.5 Wavelength Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 1fy{@j(W  
6.4.6 Angle Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Esjv^* v9-  
6.4.7 Over-Design of the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 v(^rq  
6.4.8 Changing Diffuser Projected onto the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 ts]7 + 6V  
6.4.9 Specially Designed Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 O>GP>U?]  
6.5 Speckle in Projection Microlithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 %)D7Dr  
6.5.1 Coherence Properties of Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 r Lh h  
6.5.2 Temporal Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 twtDyo(\  
6.5.3 From Exposure Fluctuations to Line Position Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202  {5udol5?  
7 Speckle in Certain Non-imagingModalities 205 6bGD8 ;  
7.1 Speckle in Multimode Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 h[]N=X  
7.1.1 Modal Noise in Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Kq$Zyf=E  
7.1.2 Statistics of Constrained Speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 A E711l-  
7.1.3 Frequency Dependence of Modal Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 2z\F m/Z.  
7.2 Effects of Speckle on Optical Radar Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 #+;=ijyF  
7.2.1 Spatial Correlation of the Speckle Returned from Distant Targets . . . . . . . . . . . 217 ttnXEF  
7.2.2 Speckle at Low Light Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 4.'EEuRw\}  
7.2.3 Detection Statistics—Direct Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 ; ]Aa  
7.2.4 Detection Statistics— Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 ,&=`T 7i  
7.2.5 Comparison of Direct Detection and Heterodyne Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 bwJi[xF  
7.2.6 Reduction of the Effects of Speckle in Optical Radar Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 v#|c.<].  
7.3 Speckle and Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 aK{\8L3]  
8 Speckle in Imaging Through the Atmosphere 239 1aE/_  
8.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 co3 ,8\N0  
8.1.1 Refractive Index Fluctuations in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 /aqN`  
8.2 Short-Exposure and Long-Exposure Point-Spread Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 1,T9HpM  
8.3 Long-Exposure and Short-Exposure Average Optical Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 242 mz*z1`\7v\  
8.4 Statistical Properties of the Short-Exposure OTF and MTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 7gwZ9Fob  
8.5 Astronomical Speckle Interferometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 |^Es6 .~  
8.5.1 Object Information that Is Retrievable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 S nHAY <  
8.5.2 Results of a More Complete Analysis of the Form of the Speckle Transfer Function . 250 F4x7;?W{*  
8.6 The Cross-Spectrum or Knox–Thompson Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 ib_Gy77Os  
8.6.1 The Cross-Spectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 p|d9 g ^  
8.6.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Cross-Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 ]eW|}V7A:  
8.7 The Bispectrum Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 wIF ":'  
8.7.1 The Bispectrum Transfer Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 F9\Ot^~  
8.7.2 Recovering Full Object Information from the Bispectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Wu( 8 G  
8.8 Speckle Correlography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 yU"G|Ex  
A Linear Transformations 263 lrhAO"/1  
B Contrast of Partially Developed Speckle 267 dSVu_*y  
C Statistics of Derivatives of Speckle 271 2.D!4+&  
C.1 The Correlation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 rcx;3Vne  
C.2 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Wp}9%Mq~Jy  
C.3 Joint Density Function of the Derivatives of Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 C|\^uR0  
D Wavelength and Angle Dependence 277 1H =wl =K  
D.1 Free-Space Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 ?(q*U!=  
D.2 Imaging Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 {*;]I?9Al  
E Speckle Contrast when a Dynamic Diffuser is Projected onto a Random Screen 285 Oq,.Kz  
E.1 Random Phase Diffusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 (QSWb>np  
E.2 Diffuser that Just Fills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 fVUBCu  
E.3 Diffuser Overfills the Projection Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 VaSNFl1_M  
F Statistics of Constrained Speckle 289 AvE^ F1  
Bibliography 291 i*R:WTw#  
Index 299
measure123 2016-06-21 11:26
感谢分享，好书
mang2004 2016-06-25 10:51
经典，谢谢。
herrok 2016-06-25 23:16
谢谢楼主！
mumapiaoyun 2016-07-05 21:29
好高深，了解学习下
光强 2016-07-06 23:32
Speckle Phenomena
东西南北 2016-09-17 20:59
学习来了  谢谢
alvin1989 2016-11-24 02:38
好书啊， 最近在做multimodefiber的实验，觉得这本书有一定作用  还有最近很火的利用speckle noise来做focusing
bairuizheng 2016-11-24 03:03
谢谢。 {]\uR-a(o  
hesi 2017-03-18 17:30
很清楚，谢谢！
bincao 2017-07-28 15:36
好书，谢谢
bmw0501 2017-08-02 09:58
好东西，谢谢 C}= _8N  
starnoy 2017-08-30 10:05
不错，好东西啊
sniper_2008 2018-07-18 19:08
谢谢分享资料！
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢分享。
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:37
谢谢，感谢
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
谢谢，楼主
老潘66 2018-12-16 21:38
内容可以。
hesi 2018-12-30 11:44
谢谢楼主！现在能找到的英文电子版跟最终出版的的好像都差第八章。英文电子版的第八章在出版时是第九章，参见中译本
tebsix 2018-12-30 15:12
好高深，了解学习下
k0184990 2019-02-20 01:54
感谢分享，好书
cgl155410 2019-02-20 08:55
感谢分享，好书
icecool258 2019-03-18 12:36
学习学习
arq2008 2021-12-01 17:56
谢谢楼主！
kendall 2022-04-03 09:24
优秀book，支持
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